Vector fields in geophysics. Vector calculus. Multiple integrals. Integral of vector fields over curves and surfaces. Integral theorems: Green’s theorem in the plane. Stoke’s theorem. Conservative fields, potentials. Potential and fields for gravity and electrostatics. Fluid flow. Electrical and magnetic fields. Partial differential equations in geophysics. Heat equation. Method of separation of variables. Wave equation: d’Alembert Solution. Wave equation in polar coordinates.

Matrix algebra, inverse matrix, eigenvalues, eigenvectors. Complex analysis. Integral transform. Application from geophysical theory.

Basic signals, sampling, Z transforms, Fourier analysis. Least squares fitting, covariance and correlation functions. Power spectra. Probability. Normal, Binomial and Poisson distributions. Deconvolution, optimum filters, linear filters in earth sciences. Special filters in geophysics: polarization analysis, f-k filtering. Matrıx algebra.

Study of seismology, the science of earthquakes and its historical development. Seismic waves: Body waves, surface waves. Travel times and structure of the earth. Seismogram interpretation. Seismographs. Anelasticity and anisotropy. Focal parameters of earthquakes: Earthquakes and faults, location, magnitude, seismic moment, intensity, seismic energy. Seismicity, seismotectonics, seismic hazard and seismic risk.

A detailed study of the theory and application of geophysical methods for mining, petroleum exploration and engineering studies. Emphasis on recent advances is seismic, gravity, electrical and magnetic techniques. Laboratory work to solve exploration problems in magnetic, electrical and seismic methods.

The interior of the earth. Characteristics of the earth’s crust. Principal tectonic features of the earth. Oceanic crust and spreading centers. Plate motion; driving forces. Convergent margins; subductions, back-arc basins. Oceanic transform faults. Triple junctions and supercontinents. Collision, development of orogenic belts, formation of mountain roots, ophiolite emplacement, sutures, delamination. Case studies: Himalaya, Alps, Ural, Ands, Red Sea, Eastern Mediterranean, Anatolia, Aegean.

Brittle fracture of rock. Rock friction. Mechanics of faulting and earthquakes. Seismotectonics. Geology of earthquake source region. Active fault morphology, tectonic geodesy, seismic cycle, earthquake prediction.

C and Fortran programming. Application of numerical methods to computer simulations of geophysical methods. Development of individual projects, writing appropriate computer codes. Introduction to efficient use of Matlab as a tool for research in Earth Sciences.

Chemical and physical models of the earth. Studying structure of the Earth’s crust by using explosion and earthquake seismology, gravity, magnetic and electromagnetic methods. Case studies from Turkey and the world.

Study of electromagnetic sounding methods. Principles of magnetotellurics (MT), controlled source audio-frequency magnetotellurics (CSAMT), geomagnetic deep sounding (GDS) and very-low-frequency (VLF) methods. Field applications and interpretation of electromagnetic data.

Introduction to the classical field theory of geophysical interest, namely steady state and time dependent electromagnetic fields, currents. Lagrangian field theory. Gravitational and magnetic fields.

Historical development of geomagnetism. Global geomagnetic studies, observation techniques, instrumentation and geomagnetic observatories. Introduction to paleomagnetism

Stress and strain, equation of motion, wave equation, One dimensional solution of wave equation, body waves and ray theory, Snell’s Law, travel times and the structure of the Earth.

Point sources. Near field, far field radiation. Equivalent body forces. Double couple sources. Elastostatic. Elastodynamic. Seismic moment tensor. Radiation pattern. Fault plane solutions. Finite sources. Rupture models. Haskell source. Source directivity. Source spectrum. Fault geometry and corner frequency. Stress drop, rupture velocity. Magnitude. Energy.

Historical and conceptual background of observational seismology, consequences of recent technical developments, seismicity, seismic sources and source parameters, rules and procedures for magnitude determination and magnitude scales, seismic waves and travel times, seismic signals and noise, seismic data formats, data analysis and seismogram interpretation, seismic analysis codes (SAC, Seatools, geotools), locating earthquakes.

Overview, basic theory and history of seismometry. The frequency response function, the transfer function, the impulse response function, the condition for stability, the step response function, pole and zero positions. Seismometry, seismic sensors and their calibration, seismic recording systems. Seismic networks: Site selection, preparation and installation of seismic stations, seismic network purpose, seismic network configuration, data transmission and data acquisition. Seismic arrays.

Theory of seismic refraction and reflection, data processing, velocity analysis, filtering, migration, synthetic seismograms, two and three-dimensional interpretation, computer applications and examples.

Principles and applications of geophysical methods, seismic refraction and reflection, gravity, magnetism, electromagnetism, resistivity and ground penetrating radar. Hands on field exercises and demos at some selected sites. Familiarization with report writing and application of each method. Site studies related to environmental, engineering and archaeological problems.

The widening of students’ perspectives and awareness of topics of interest to geophysicists through seminars offered by faculty, guest speakers and graduate students.

Topics related to the research works in geophysics. Practical aspects of explosion and earthquake seismology. Use of software for analyzing collected geophysical data and preparing scientific reports.

Independent research projects or directed readings designed to meet the needs and interests of individual students. Regular conferences given by students and instructors required.

Investigation in depth of a special topic related with the student’s major area of study and research in geophysics, with the aim of original contribution to the subject. Preparation and defence of a M.S. thesis.

Investigation in depth of a special topic related with the student’s major area of study and research in geophysics, with the aim of original contribution to the subject. Preparation and defence of a M.S. thesis.

Material collection and presentation of a particular subject of interest to the student. Improvement of the students’ ability in self-initiated learning, systematizing collected materials for utilization, not only for oral presentation but also for information retrieval and responding to questions.

Theoretical basis of magnetotelluric (MT) method. Apparent resistivity and phase relationships in MT. Field experiments. Data processing and modeling of MT data.

Spherical harmonic analysis. External, crustal and internal geomagnetic fields, representation of the internal field, secular variation, dipole and non-dipole fields, westward drift. Introduction to dynamo theory.

Finite element method (FEM) in electromagnetism. Ritz and Galerkin methods. One, two and three dimensional finite element analyses, boundary value problems.

The term “Seismic array”, geometrical parameters, beam forming and detection processing, array transfer function, slowness estimation using seismic arrays, array design.

Moment tensor representation. Body wave modeling. Surface wave modeling. Rectangular and circular fault models. Rupture dynamics. Friction: Byerlee’s Law, Coulomb failure, slip-weakening, rate- and state-dependent friction. Nucleation, propagation and arrest of a rupture. Crack growth model. Spatio-temporal seismicity patterns. Characterization of fault zone structures, trapped waves.

Global distribution of seismic sources. Large scale structure of the Earth. Crustal and upper mantle propagation. Mantle and core phases. Receiver function. Global tomography. S-wave splitting and upper mantle anisotropy. Free oscillations of the Earth. Surface waves on spherical earth. Normal modes. Centroid moment tensor.

Inverse of matrices, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, singular value decomposition, linear inverse problems, least squares solution of the linear inverse problems, solving under determined and over determined problems with constraints, generalized inverses, monte carlo methods, genetic algorithms.

Developing computer algorithms for a variety of seismological problems. Finite-difference and finite element methods for the solution of wave equation. Numerical solution of Lamp’s problem. Ray tracing techniques. Solution of integral equations. Propagator matrices. Time-frequency analysis of seismic signals.

Equation of motion, elastic wave equation, reflection-transmission coefficients, surface waves, Lamb’s problem, wave propagation in layered media, numerical solutions of wave equation.

Basic concept of probability and random processes in geophysics. Gaussian distribution. Exponential distribution. Stationarity. Wiener process. Poisson process. Extreme value statistics Gumbel’s distribution. Markov sequences. Frequency-magnitude relationship. Time dependent hazard models. Estimation: linear-mean square estimation, Bayes estimation, maximum likelihood estimation. Methodologies for studying seismic hazard. Case studies in Eastern Mediterranean region.

Advanced treatments of recent topics of interest in exploration geophysics, with emphasis on refraction and reflection prospecting. Principles of refraction and refraction seismology. Experience in computer processing of seismic data.

Recent developments in geophysics are main contents of this lecture. Contents of this lecture vary each year.

Original research on the theoretical and/or applicational aspects of a special topic related with the student’s major area of specialization in geophysics. Preparation and defence of Ph.D. dissertation.